Case Study Evaluation and Analysis using Leadership Theories and Concepts

Introduction Leadership is one of the most important factors that determine the overall performance of an organisation (Lussier & Achua, 2012). As argued by Hogg,Van Knippenberg and Rast (2012), how leaders in organisation’s delegated duties, make decisions and interact with other members either positively or negatively affects employee output and thus influences the attainment of the overall organisational objective. This paper presents an analysis of leadership at EEF, a membership organisation that is a counterpoint to the Trade Union movement and was founded with the aim of supporting employers in the United Kingdom. Among the key concepts addressed in this analysis are the key leadership theories can be applicable to this case and challenges encountered in the leadership process. The role of Leadership at EEF As an organisation that represents the interests of many employers around the United Kingdom, the leadership at EEF is obligated to ensure that it establishes the needs of its members and effectively addresses them. The role played by EEF’s leadership is exhibited by the fact that it addresses its members’ needs through providing them with advice, guidance and support that will enable them to efficiently and effectively manage their businesses. EEF’s leadership is also committed towards ensuring that the company is flexible enough to maintain its relevance in its service delivery by implementing the required changes. Some of the changes included the transformation of the company’s legal status from a federation to a limited company by guarantee in 2009 to ensure that that its status as a non-profit was protected. The other change that was implemented by the company’s leadership in the same year was converting it into a single integrated national ent ity from its original regionalised structure. This integration resulted into the appointment of another CEO who was expected to lead the company under its new banner of â€Å"One EEF†. All these changes were made by the company with the aim of addressing the ?7 million loss experience in 2009, which was the first it had ever experienced since it was founded. A regional team leader of the company’s sales team, Tom Jones, was also appointed to oversee the now consolidated team. These strategies that were implemented by the company’s top leadership to ensure that the company remains on track highlights one of the key roles of leadership in an organisation, which is decision making. Whereas the ?7 million loss that was suffered in 2009 might have highlighted flaws in the leadership of EEF that year, the immediate changes that were made show the commitment of the company’s leadership towards its good performance. Analysis of Tom Jones’ Leadership using Leadership TheoriesThe Trait Theory of LeadershipFrom the case, Jones was selected out of the other applicants who were originally in charge of the regional sales functions. Out of these was an applicant who had expected to be selected as the team leader because of his long-term experience with the company. The trait theory of leadership can be used in explaining this selection. According to the trait leadership theory, good leaders possess a variety of characteristics and personal traits that enable them execute their leadership responsibilities well. These include integrity, assertiveness, empathy, honesty, openness, likeability and decision making skills (Colbert et al., 2012). The applicant mentioned in the case who had served for long as the leader of a regional sales team could have possessed some of these traits, but not as many as Jones exhibited. Some of the traits exhibited by Jones – as highlighted in the case – included openness, honesty and good decision making skills.The Behavioural TheoryThis theory focuses the behaviour of leaders as they guide their followers towards attaining the overall organisational objective, and classifies leaders as democratic, autocratic or Laissez-faire (DeRue et al., 2011). Democratic leaders are characterised by the fact that they involve other team members in the decision making process. The suggestions that receive the most support from team members are adopted as final decisions. Whilst this approach is lauded for ensuring effective teamwork, it becomes challenging to reach a final decision when the suggestions provided are many and differ widely (Lussier & Achua, 2012). Autocratic leadership involves making of decisions without any prior consultation or involvement of team members. This approach has been regarded as being ineffective for teamwork dynamics and team agreement. It is however considered ideal in situations where decisions need to be urgentl y made (Bhatti et al., 2012). The Laissez-faire approach to leadership is carried out by allowing other team members to make most of the decisions with minimal interference from the leader. This approach is mostly applicable when team members are highly skilled and capable of independently making good decisions. However, leaders who prefer this approach might at times be mistaken for being lazy (Lussier & Achua, 2012). Jones’ leadership approach was characterised by openness, which contributed towards his adoption of a collaborative team building approach that involved sharing of information and ideas, which matches with the democratic approach. Jones also valued the experiences and ideas of other team members. By applying this leadership approach, the team was able to identify the major issues, which were later prioritised according to their urgency. Transactional vs. Transformational LeadershipLeadership can also be classified as either transactional or transformational. Tr ansactional leadership is based on the assumption that individuals are motivated by punishment and reward. It also assumes that the best way in which social systems can work is through the establishment of a clear chain of command (Carter et al., 2013). According to Bono, Hooper and Yoon (2012), transactional leaders work by clearly setting structures or rules by which their followers are required to abide, as well as rewards to be expected when they are adhered to. Whilst they are not usually mentioned, formal discipline systems and punishments are also well understood by their followers (Carter et al., 2013). This is as opposed to transformational leadership where leaders develop constructive visions for the organisation, sell them to their followers, find the way forward on how to implement the vision and lead the implementation of the vision (Wright et al., 2012). The diagram below depicts the differences between Transactional and transformational leadership. Table 1: Transactional vs. Transformational leadership (Adopted from Lussier and Achua (2012) Jones’ involvement of the team at EEF, formulation of necessary changes to transform the company and offering both personal and professional support to his team to enable them achieve these changes matches with the transformation approach to leadership. Among the changes that were identified as necessary for EEF were the establishment of new geographical sales areas and their respective sales representatives, implementing the necessary forecasting and reporting processes, and ensuring that the existing CRM systems are upgraded so as to attain consistency in the measurement key performance indicators. Jones embarked on achieving these changes by leading the change in the organisational culture by encouraging team members to be more ‘corporate minded’ and committed to problem solving. He also embarked on building corporation and trust within the team he was leading. These characteristics of Jones’ leadership further verify his transformational leadership appr oach. Leadership challenges from the Case There are several challenges that can be identified from the provided case on EEF. One of these was the loss that was incurred in the 2009 financial year, which triggered the transformation of EEF’s overall structure. The changes that were implemented further triggered challenges that are typical to any change process in organisations. The first was ensuring that he addressed the feelings of the applicants who lost on their applications as team leaders and creating a formidable team. Given that they all held same regional position before, it can be concluded that their capabilities were almost the same. Therefore, the most effective approach that could be used by Jones in addressing this was involving them in decision making through a highly democratic leadership style (DeRue et al., 2011). By knowing that their opinions are valued by their leader, they will be motivated and committed towards attaining the desired organisational objective (Lussier & Achua, 2012). The other challenge was in regards to the transformation of the organisation’s structure from being regionally based to a unit national structure. In order to attain this overall change, there are several change management models that could be used. One of these is the 8 step model of organisational change, which was proposed by Kotter (1996). It divides the whole change process into eight stages that are more manageable and all contribute towards the attainment of the desired outcome of change. These stages are explained in table 2 below. Whereas this approach to organisational change has been supported by a wide number of researchers, it has also received criticism. For instance, O’Keefe (2013) pointed out that the model assumes that change is a linear process and does not account for challenges or changes that might be encountered in the change process. Table 2: Kotter’s 8-stage model of organisational change (Kotter, 1996) Conclusion In conclusion, this paper has presented an in-depth analysis of leadership at EEF in regard to the changes implemented with the aim of recovering from its poor performance that was registered in 2009. In the analysis, leadership concepts and theories have been referred to and their applicability to the case has been explained. Among these are the trait and behavioural theories of leadership, transformational and transactional leadership models and Kotter’s 8 stage model of leadership. Even with the few mentioned challenges that were highlighted in the case, it has been shown that Tom Jones’ leadership approach was ideal for the EEF as it set out to implement the necessary changes in its functional and organisational structures. References Bhatti, N. et al. (2012) The impact of autocratic and democratic leadership style on job satisfaction. International Business Research, 5(2), pp.192-207. Bono, J.E., Hooper, A.C. & Yoon, D.J. (2012) Impact of rater personality on transformational and transactional leadership ratings. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(1), pp.132-45. Carter, M.Z., Armenakis, A.A., Feild, H.S. & Mossholder, K.W. (2013) Transformational leadership, relationship quality, and employee performance during continuous incremental organisational change. Journal of Organisational Behavior, 34(7), pp.942-58. Colbert, A.E., Judge, T.A., Choi, D. & Wang, G. (2012) Assessing the trait theory of leadership using self and observer ratings of personality: The mediating role of contributions to group success. The Leadership Quarterly, 23(4), pp.670-85. DeRue, D.S., Nahrgang, J.D., Wellman, N.E.D. & Humphrey, S.E. (2011) Trait and behavioral theories of leadership: An integration and meta?analytic test of their relative validity. Personnel Psychology, 64(1), pp.7-52. Hogg, M.A., Van Knippenberg, D. & Rast, D.E. (2012) Intergroup leadership in organisations: Leading across group and organisational boundaries. Academy of Management Review, 37(2), pp.232-55. Kotter, J.P. (1996) Leading change. Cambridge, MA: Harvard Business School Press. Lussier, R. & Achua, C. (2012) Leadership: Theory, application, & skill development. Mason: Cengage Learning. O’Keefe, K. (2013) Where Kotter’s 8 Steps Gets it Wrong. [Online] Available at: http://www.executiveboard.com/communications-blog/where-kotters-8-steps-gets-it-wrong[Accessed 18 December 2014]. Wright, B.E., Moynihan, D.P. & Pandey, S.K. (2012) Pulling the Levers: Transformational Leadership, Public Service, Motivation, and Mission Valence. Public Administration Review, 72(2), p.206–215.

Analyze Individual And Societal Influences

Analyze individual and societal influences that lead to deviance from dominant group norms. People who become part of a group or are members of that group share similar characteristics of the same nature. â€Å"When there is proof of the uniqueness of a team, such person is believed to have an effect of black sheep, as he refused guidelines of the group and left the group. Individuals who are member of the group experience have more trouble with party members rather than out-group members.† (Fiske, 2010)Differences happen when an individual of a group understands and sees the implications of having a reward for his or her behavior. Difference happens when individuals understand and see the cost implications to reward their behavior. This behavior, deviance, is considered distracting and bad influence. It is considered negative when associated with criminals and addicts. People who deviate, are able to develop a sense of self-identity and truly are aware of the decision they ar e making.â€Å"Anomaly occurs because people develop an identity sense or self-understanding, which becomes their personal life standard,† however many of these people from the group become â€Å"anomaly learned contra conventional ways or objectives and attitudes of support in their early socialization. â€Å" An individual is prepared for deviance with this type of learning and social behavior that prepares for elimination of conservative norms and legitimacy from the group.The process of deviance happens with normal learning processes and with different theories of association, attitude learning, motivation values and knowledge to a degree that all of these becomes part of his identity and makes him or her strong enough for commitment. The learning process and the socialization help the individual change a very straight forward experience eliminating all conservative standards to neutral place, eliminating the guilt, underlying important personal characteristics.Also, de viation of a group is possible for having individuals who have inspirational behavior but no chance of becoming a leader in the group. There are standards that are required as key element to eliminate tendency of the group going for deviance. The most important factor of preventing deviance within the group is communication of feelings. â€Å"If members of a group are participants who are active, who know they have a potential in the group, who are well known of their skills or position in the group, which is less likely to deviate from the group.

Vanish by Evan Ratliffs Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Vanish by Evan Ratliffs - Essay Example First, while the idea of someone living a life on the run is certainly exciting, Ratliff wasn’t for the most part being physically chased. The people â€Å"hunting him† were largely doing so from their homes, in front of computers, writing code and scanning through Twitter accounts. That’s not very exciting and extremely technical to explain. Secondly, there are really two stories to tell – Ratliff’s story and those of the people who were hunting him down. Since Ratliff himself is writing this article, how can he do that? How can he technically be two places at once? Ratliff immediately tackles the problem of making a very technical story gripping by opening with his â€Å"getaway,† not unlike the way it’s been seen in â€Å"man on the run† movies from The Fugitive to The Bourne Identity. It starts with a first-person explanation of his â€Å"escape† and gives no reference at first to this being part of a magazine-sponsored contest. He uses words loaded with intrigue like â€Å"fleeing my life† and â€Å"going on the lam† (1). He details all the steps he takes to â€Å"confuse investigators† and calls an oil change on a car he is about to sell â€Å"another head fake† (1). This is an exciting language that catches the reader immediately. What could just be a scene of an average guy getting an oil change, picking up business cards, and shopping at Best Buy becomes the set-up for an ingenious plot? This language also makes the sections with all of the technical explanations easier to understand. Most of the tracking down of Ratliff would be done by people sitting alone in rooms, in front of keyboards, using lines of code and IP address tracking software. Too much technical jargon – even in a publication like Wired – does not make for an interesting story. But just as he heightened the tension during his pre-escape shopping trip with his use of word choice, he does the same when describing one of his trackers.  Ã‚  

The Effects of Budget Shifts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

The Effects of Budget Shifts - Essay Example None of us at that point imagined the far reaching effects of that day. The concrete and twisted metal may be gone now from Ground Zero, but we are still left to clean up the remainder of the rubble that was left in its wake. We are faced with too few dollars and too much to do. 9/11 and its aftermath has forced us to shift from concentrating on routine law enforcement functions to that of developing and sustaining expensive anti-terrorism programs. The already strained California budget needs to address both funding for anti-terrorism and meeting the needs of its citizens. The question becomes how do we balance both and how has this shift impacted the people of California. At the onset of researching this topic it was necessary to understand the current climate of the California residents and how they view the impact the increased anti-terrorism initiatives have had on their lives. I have found numerous articles addressing the current budget crisis as it relates to anti-terrorism program expenditures. Following are several examples representing the climate since the initiatives have been launched. September 5, 2004 an article appeared in the San Francisco Chronicle. It stated that "officials have used federal anti-terrorism money to purchase equipment and cover police work not directly related to the war on terror. As a result, nearly half of California's security funding through the last fiscal year, about $128 million, went to areas outside the five counties with the state's top 10 terrorist targets. Almost $8 million flowed to counties with no targets whatsoever." (Newspapers: California, n.p.) The article went on to say that there were no policies in place to direct local agencies on how appropriated money should be spent. Even more frightening the articled continued "Although federal spending for homeland security is expected to climb over the next five years to $27 billion, emergency first responders could require as much as four times that amount, experts say. But Congress may not make that available if it determines that state and local officials have spent the fundin g on needs other than protecting against terrorism." (Newspapers: California, 2004, n.p.) With spiraling costs and a lack of direction by federal government on what they consider appropriate, expenditures could force California further into financial crisis. It appears that there is a severe lack of coordination in the dispensing of federal aid to states in support of anti-terrorism programs. It was reported in The Daily Californian October 6, 2004 that "The Department of Homeland Security has made more than $175 million in grants available to California in 2004. But some local emergency response officials said red tape attached to the department's grants has needlessly hindered their work." (Wohlsen, n.p.) To make matters worse the article said that often agencies must first pay for the anti-terrorism programs or equiptment out of their own budget and then wait for reimbursement from the federal government. This often creates additional problems as the amount of money needed often exceeds the funds that these agencies

The cold war Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

The cold war - Essay Example It made its citizens its slaves. During this period, both sides tried to contain one another. The U.S., for example, tried to contain Cuba, which was communist. It isolated this country with an embargo. A big confrontation developed in this situation with the Cuban Missile Crisis. It came very close to nuclear war but the U.S. won the state down. Another episode of containment occurred in Vietnam. The U.S. Wanted to contain the communist North Vietnamese, so it supported the free South. The Soviet Union and its allies strengthened the North, created a war in the country. This was not a success for the U.S. These confrontations have various lessons. Sometimes containment can work but it often just postpones a conflict. Most of the time the U.S. should vigorously defend its interests. Many bad countries would love to spend all day negotiating and talking about their problems with the U.S. Meanwhile they are building an arsenal to attack. Confrontation may be the better solution to this

Summary Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 160

Summary - Essay Example Looking in her eyes you couldn’t actually tell that she was a criminal as she wore an innocent, attentive face with soft eye and an intelligent mouth. When she is arraigned in court for stealing a car, she looks at the camera with curious laughter and no remorse or guilt (Zhang, 206). They were brought up in time of war and lost their fathers, husbands and boyfriends in cold blood. They then experience cold peace at the end of it all where they are involved in criminal and immoral acts such as black markets, narcotics, sexual promiscuity and hucksterism. The beat generation is compared to the other post war generation which dubbed itself the ‘lost’ generation. They laugh hysterically because nothing else meant anything to them, they seem to be lost in their own world. They migrated to Europe in the face of war, unsure of whether they were looking for the ‘orgiastic future’ or escaping from the ‘puritanical’ past. They were eventually caught in the face of romance and disillusionment until they became an illusion. This generation lacks the eloquent air of bereavement which was a characteristic of the lost generation’s symbolic actions. The repeated inventory of of shattered ideals and the continued laments about the moral currents which obsessed people of the lost generation do not concern young people today. They were brought up In the ruins and no longer notice them and they drink to come down or to get high. Only the most bitter among them would call their reality a night mare and prot est that they have indeed lost the future. The absence of personal and social values to them is not a revelation of shaking the ground beneath them but a problem demanding day to day solutions. The aspect of how to live seems to them more crucial than why they live. The eager faced girl picked up in the face of doping describes the sense of community she has found in marijuana which she does not get in the society. The

Money & Banking Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Money & Banking - Assignment Example It has been stated that the measurement problems occur especially during the business cycle contraction where the values are understated. Unemployment rate is understated due to a number of reasons. First off, underemployment is not regarded as unemployment, but is instead viewed as being employed. In tough economic times, job cuts are common in many organizations. Many people subsequently seek out jobs that do not utilize their full skill and knowledge potential (Horvitz 33). Though these jobs are temporary income earners to cater for the person’s daily need, the Bureau of Labor Statistics view these people as fully employed and does not count then against the national rate, leading to massive understatement. If a person who used to take home $140,000 each year has to take a job that offers $22,000, it is unfair to consider this person as employed (Horvitz 47). New entrants into the labor force are not considered unemployed. If for instance, a stay at home mum seeks out employment due to harsh economic times and fails to get employed, she will not get counted as unemployed by the authorities. There exist people under the age of sixteen who have taken up jobs to assist their families. Since they are below the age of 16, they are not counted as employed and if they fail to find work, they do not count as unemployed either. This adds up to massive understatement of the unemployment rate. The Bureau of Labor Statistics only considers one unemployed if you are actively involved in job hunting. Individuals who are jobless and are no longer searching for work are not counted as unemployed. They are therefore not included in the unemployment values rolled out every month, a phenomenon that without a doubt leads to understatement by massive margins (Horvitz 77). Some workers have had to involuntarily take up job sharing, working less hour shifts

Case study chapter 10 Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Chapter 10 - Case Study Example Johnston’s problem (Shaw et al., 2012). Indeed, the hospital’s management takes the greatest responsibility for Dr. Johnston’s problems since it failed to institute relevant measures that would ensure responsible administration of the narcotics given their nature. It is prudent that drugs are prone to be abused and thus the hospital ought to have implemented more stringent measures that would curb any irregularities with regard on how they are administered by tracking who administered them and to which particular patient to enhance accountability. In that light, Dr. Johnston would not have gotten the opportunity to make irregular administration of morphine to patients and thus making it hard to get the chance to utilize the drug at will (Shaw et al., 2012). The management will argue that it has placed the relevant measures in monitoring the use of narcotics by the physician in charge having to sign the sheet on the lockbox to facilitate accountability in the administration of those drugs. The escapades of Dr. Johnston are out of unethical work practices in the sense that he had to under dose patients or at times not administer the drug so as to use it for his personal needs. That is uncouth, and the physician ought to be punished in accordance with the hospital’s professional work ethics (Shaw et al., 2012). Sometimes back my elder sister was sick, and we had to take him to a local medical center to receive medication. The physician who was in charge of attending her gave her an overdose of the medication and the next day my sister was worse than we had brought her there. When we tried to inquire because the situation we were told the condition she was in was quite stubborn but would normalize with time. However, we decided to transfer her to a higher ranking Hospital to receive specialized care. It is at this hospital that we were informed the medication she was given was overdosed thus causing the reaction. My

MarketingProject-Kuwait Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

MarketingProject-Kuwait - Research Paper Example Additionally, the low average utilization of aircrafts, gives them a higher cost per every seat mile, this is different from Jazeera Air, which has cut its fleet and uses its aircrafts extensively (Shaw 35). This paper discusses how Ryanair’s limited airport transportation will work in the Middle East where the airports are concentrated. Consumers across the globe have continued to turn towards the internet for their various travel needs. This involves research on trips, comparison of prices, shopping for flights and booking. Consumers have found this convenient and vital to their business and personal travel needs. Looking across the markets with increased focus on the Middle East market, there are various emerging demographic trends that drive growth across the B2C travel industry. Understanding this trend is vital for Ryanair in order to create a strong presence online and increase market share. One demographic group, which would fly Ryanair is the age group from twenty fiv e to thirty four. This is because these are the most likely to prefer low cost carriers, as they have just started earning and would be more willing to forfeit the comfort and luxury of a traditional airline for the cost saving measures of a low cost carrier like Ryanair. People from thirty five to forty four would also consider flying Ryanair because of its cost cutting. This is generated by the idea that they have most likely had increased responsibilities. However, it should be noted that these are those people in the middle to low income earning bracket. Those over sixty-five were the least willing to consider flying Ryanair. Another demographic, which would fly Ryanair would be students studying abroad or travelling for study trips. This would be informed by the fact that they will be doing this on funds from the government or school. However, there was a disparity with the sexes, with one woman claiming that low cost carriers did not provide enough segregation for women, and s ince she preferred to remove her booking on the flight, she would be uncomfortable. Another demographic that would most certainly be willing to fly Ryanair for its low cost measures is tourist groups. Given that most claimed to be travelling on a budget that they had been saving for a while. For business people, the most receptive to Ryanair travel were those in supervisory roles or junior management positions, in their companies. Those in middle management roles were also receptive of the idea of a low cost carrier. However, those in professional roles or senior management are least interested in a low cost carrier like Ryanair. Finally, Kuwaiti’s travelling to Europe to experience leisure or visit relatives and friends are likely to fly Ryanair for its low cost. However, business people were least interested in using a low cost carrier like Ryanair, despite the fact that it would save their organization money. Clients who are concerned about the environment could elect to f ly low cost carriers since the reduced weight of the plane leads to a reduction in fuel used by the plane (Shaw 38). These airlines also offer a fairly simpler scheme for fares, for example, charging tickets for one way at half the price of round trips. This encourages clients to choose it. Since these carriers fly to less congested and smaller secondary airports during off-peak hours to avoid delays by traffic, they offer an

Organizational behavior Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 6250 words

Organizational behavior - Term Paper Example It has been argued that one of the consequences of this shift in responsibility is increased job insecurity, which resulted in a decline in feelings of organizational commitment (Knudsen, Aaron, Martin, & Roman, 2003). Job insecurity has also changed the psychological contract and influenced the employment relationship. Loughlin and Barling (2001) made the case that the notion of a 'job for life' has been replaced with a 'survival of the fittest' as downsizing has forced employees become more employable. As a result, younger workers who have seen their parents being laid off will be more demanding and less willing to make sacrifices for the sake of their jobs. Organizations may assume that certain rules of the old employee-organization relationship still apply, leading them to make missteps in communication, recognition, and reward. Likewise, individual employees may assume that their employer knows what motivates them, when in fact the employer may not know, or may be operating unde r out-dated assumptions. In short, psychological contracts and the employment relationship are changing. Review of Literature The Promise The psychological state of an individual can inherently influence his or her behavior as much as the physical state. Because we do not operate in a vacuum, it is important to understand that our behavior and attitudes are subject to alteration because of outside influences. When these external factors project behaviors that one may categorize as controversial, ones psychological dimensions can quickly become dislodged. Generally, our relationships lead us to believe that a promise is a promise. Our interactions with those we trust teach us to expect that these promises will be fulfilled. When the promises are maintained, the psychological state remains intact. On the other-hand, if deceitful behavior, broken promises, and misconceptions of truth are demonstrated, the individual may ultimately feel vulnerable, betrayed, and unhappy. Rousseau (1995) highlights two kinds of promises; warranties and communications of future intent. She further sub-categorizes these promises into four distinctive types. Idle promises are usually not taken literally by the receiver. Credible promises are defined as believable promises as perceived by the receiver. Unattended promises are those that unintentionally fall through and relied upon promises are those promises that the recipient places value upon and expects to happen. Although promises are subject to limitation, it is still necessary to understand the mechanism behind them. This makes it all the more important to advance research on the psychological aspects of the employee employer relationship. Organizational behavior researchers frequently study the relationship between individuals, groups, and the affect their behavior has on the organization. One of the most recent concepts included in the literature revolves around the psychological contract. It is important to examine this contra ct because the foundation of the contract is based on promises. The promises within the contract offer direction for the both the employee and the employer. The Evolution of the Psychological Contract The decline in unionization throughout the country has reduced the number of employees affected by formal, written contracts of employment (Rousseau, 1990). This in turn

The temperature of the acid Essay Example for Free

The temperature of the acid Essay My conclusion fully supports my previous hypothesis and predictions that as the temperature increases, the calculated rate of reaction increases. This is shown in my final table of results and graph. However, it does not support my predicted results exactly, as the pattern of the graph is not as I had expected. This can be explained if necessary by inaccuracy of equipment, error in timing or simply human reaction times and judgement and therefore is less important than the accuracy of the predicted fact that the temperature and the rate of reaction are proportional. From my earlier notes I can see that this is because as the temperature increases there is more heat energy. This can be converted into kinetic energy, which makes the particles move around faster, and therefore have more chance of colliding with each other. Also, larger volumes of heat and energy means more effective collisions are created. I therefore conclude that the relationship between temperature and rate of reaction is indirectly proportional, in that as the temperature increases, the rate of the reactions taking place increases also. Evaluation I feel that both my method and equipment were fairly reliable, as my results fit fairly closely with how I imagined they would. I have taken enough results and repeats, and these are close enough to my prediction to create and support a firm conclusion. However, a few of my results were slightly anomalous, and the graph did not end up in the exact shape I had predicted, and therefore there must be ways to make my experiment more accurate. There are several things I have noticed which could have adversely affected any results I got, and I have tried to think of ways in which I could alter them if I was to re-do the experiments now. It is important to remember that the line of best fit on my graph is a straight line, showing only a basic upward trend, not a graph which accelerates as I predicted. When, towards the end of the given time for practicals, I was looking to re-do any points, I only looked at my first graph of time taken against temperature (see page 10), not at the graph of rate against temperature. Therefore, instead of trying to repeat points which fall a little away from my best-fit line, such as that at 24i C or that at 50i C, I added another point at an important stage in my original graph, at 18i C. This seemed a valuable point, but looking at my rate graph it lies exactly on my best-fit line. So while it does serve to highlight the accuracy of my results and best-fit line, it would probably have been more valuable to repeat the points at 24 and 50i C. Because of reasons stated (on page 8), the point at 50i C didnt have a repeat to begin with, and therefore ought to be looked at as less valid than the other points anyway. Most of the potential inaccuracies in my experiment were caused by my equipment, rather than the method, as I felt that my method was reliable. I especially liked my system for heating, as it almost invariably kept the acid and tablets at a constant temperature and it produced accurate results. There are a few reasons that I can identify why the rate may have been above my best-fit line (such as at 24i C). If this is the case, it means that the product of 50cmi carbon dioxide was produced within a shorter time than expected. This could be due to the temperature being higher than I had believed (for example if it rose during the reaction), or the gas syringe not being back to exactly zero before starting the experiment (sometimes I found it got knocked so it was already at approximately one or two cmi ). Therefore, in theory, checking and making sure of both these things before the start of each experiment could have improved my method, and if I was to repeat the experiment I would ensure I was doing these things. There are also reasons why the rate may have been below my best-fit line (such as at 50iC). This means that the product (50cmi of carbon dioxide) took a longer time to be produced than expected, or that it took a longer time than average to show in the gas syringe. This could be due to the temperature being lower than I thought (for example having dropped during the reaction). In future, this should be checked before the experiment is started. It could also be due to faulty equipment, like the gas syringe getting stuck or the rubber joining the tube not being on properly, or being on different amounts so that the gas took longer to travel up the tube. If the experiment was repeated, the gas syringe should be chosen carefully as one which is not either too loose or too stiff, and the joining tube should be put on properly, so that no gas is allowed to escape when the pressure builds up inside the conical flask. Also, a certain degree of error must be allowed for in that a second person is necessary when starting an experiment. This is because you need one hand to add the tablets, one hand to put the bung in and a third hand to start the stopclock. This increases the chances of the experiment being inaccurate, as two different people are very unlikely to be completely synchronised. Therefore the gas has time to escape unnoticed at the start of each reaction before the bung is put in. I can see little which could be done about this in future experiments. In both cases (above or below the best-fit line) the experiment would have benefited from a greater number of results being taken at smaller intervals. This would probably have further supported my conclusion and may also have more accurately displayed a less obvious trend such as the one I originally predicted. Taking results in a wider range, (for example from 5i C to 70iC) with repeats to verify accuracy, would have strengthened my evidence. It would only have done this if, as I imagine, a continuing trend showed in the extra results. In all of the experiments, a degree of error in continuity must be taken into account. It is extremely unlikely that the tablets all had the same mass, or that there was the same volume of hydrochloric acid down to the last drop. I tried to make this as accurate as possible, using a burette instead of a measuring cylinder, and only getting the tablets out at the last minute so that they were as whole and un-tampered-with as they could be. If the experiment was to be repeated on a larger timescale, I could measure the mass of the tablets to increase accuracy. It is also impossible to swirl the beaker at exactly the same vigorousness every time, although I tried to keep it as constant as I could. If I was looking to test these results on a much wider scale, I could use other common antacid tablets with similar active ingredients, keeping the type and volume of acid constant. This would prove that the tablets that I used were regular, and didnt just coincidentally produce typical results.

SWOT Analysis of Toyota

SWOT Analysis of Toyota 1.4 S.W.O.T ANALYSIS Strengths New venture by Toyota in industrial facilities in the US and China saw 2005 benefits climb, against the overall engine industry pattern. In 2003 Toyota knocked its adversaries Ford into third spot, to turn into the Worlds second biggest carmaker with 6.78 million units. The general public is still behind adversaries General Motors with 8.59 million units in the same point. Its solid industry position is built upon various elements including a broadened item run, exceedingly focused on promoting and a pledge to incline assembling and quality. The troupe creates a vast extent of vehicles for both individual customers and business associations, from the little Yaris to huge trucks. The organization uses promoting strategies to distinguish and meet client requests. Its exchange name is a family figure. The organization likewise augments benefit through productive assembling methodologies (e.g. Complete Quality Management) Weaknesses Being huge has its own inconveniences. The World business for autos is in a state of over supply thus auto producers require to get beyond any doubt that it is their models that customers wish. Toyota advertises a large portion of its stock in the US and in Japan. Henceforth it is presented to fluctuating financial and political conditions those businesses. Possibly that is the reason the organization is beginning to move its thoughtfulness regarding the developing Chinese commercial center. Developments in return rates could see the officially tight edges in the auto business sector being decreased. The partnership needs to keep creating autos in the public eye to keep its practical productivity. Auto plants speak to an unlimited interest in extravagant settled expenses, as extensively as the high expenses of reproducing and holding work. At that point if the auto market experiences a downturn, the organization could see over limit. On the off chance that then again the auto market experiences an upturn, then the organization may drop out on potential deals because of under limit i.e. it obliges time to adjust. This is an unique issue with high volume auto producing. Opportunities Lexus and Toyota now have a notoriety for building naturally benevolent vehicles. Lexus has RX 400h half breed, and Toyota has it a Prius. Both are based upon development innovations created by the overseeing body. Soaring oil costs have seen offers of the new crossover vehicles increment. Toyota has additionally sold on its engineering to other engine producers, for instance Ford has bought into the innovation for its new Explorer SUV Hybrid. Such developments can just solidify Toyotas advantage and interest in crossover Rd. Toyota is to focus on the urban youth market. The organization has created its new Aygo, which is gone for the streetwise youth market and catches (or tries to) the way of move and DJ society in an extremely aggressive section. The vehicle itself is an interesting convertible, with models, reaching out at their seat! The limited portion is infamous for its thin edges and troubles for marking. Threats Item returns are dependably an issue for vehicle makers. In 2005 the organization needed to review 880,00 games utility vehicles and pickup trucks because of flawed front suspension frameworks. Toyota did not present subtle elements of how much the review would cost. The legitimate period of influenced vehicles was sold in the US, while the rest were sold in Japan, Europe and Australia. Likewise with any automobile creator, Toyota confronts a huge focused contention in the auto commercial center. Rivalry is expanding just about every day, with new contestants coming into the business sector from China, South Korea and new plants in Eastern Europe. The general public is likewise shown to any development in the expense of crude materials, for example, elastic, steel and fuel. CHAPTER 2 OBJECTIVE AND METHODOLOGY 2.1 SIGNIFICANCE Toyotas puts stock in putting the client first and plans to give the best levels of consumer loyalty as its fundamental promoting methodology. Their merchants have additionally endeavored to offer their high degrees of client backing. In the most recent one year, Toyota has taken numerous activities, which has made Innova the best item. Innova has effectively turned into a classification maker. We will keep on meetting the perpetually difficult client desires and will turn out with creative advertising methods. With an assortment of watchman at Toyota Kirloskar Motor Ltd., the partnership has created a novel method to catch 15 every penny piece of the overall industry in the Indian auto section. Compelling from January 1, Atsushi Toyoshima has been named Managing Director of the organization, supplanting Sachio Yamazaki. Rivalry is exceptional in the Indian market for household and remote organizations. The Indian commercial center is critical for Toyota with the possibility to aid its improvement technique, Yoshio Ishizaka, Executive Vice-President, Toyota Motor Corporation, said. As per investigators, the Indian business would touch yearly offers of 1.2 million units by 2005. Last year, Toyota sold 3.8 million units abroad, making up six million vehicles at 56 plants in 25 states. In India, the Toyota Quails indented offers of 25,000 units since its dispatch a year ago, he expressed. Toyotas method to corner a critical lump of the Indian business sector includes predominant item offering and devoted innovation. In this setting, the change of authority in Toyotas Indian division is vital, showing a more huge part for the organizations assembling base in Bangalore. Bangalore is a perfect position to see the majority of Toyotas necessities, including auto parts, Mr. Toyoshima said Conceding to the overseeing chief of Toyota Kirloskar Motor, Atsushi Toyoshima, the conclusion to present Innova here (India) was established on three components. First and foremost, in the course of the most recent five years, the C- section (between Rs 5 lakh to Rs 10 lakh) of the car market has climbed by 20 every penny consistently. The multi utility vehicle section has likewise climbed at twofold digit levels. Second, with an enhancing way of life and better streets, the Indian customer need to strike his vehicle for long rides with companions and family. Third, in that appreciation is a dormant longing of clients, including those owning Mpvs, to look for traits like more noteworthy inside space and over-burdening capacity, while traveler auto purchasers search for better styling and enhanced riding solace. Innova unites the space and fuel financial arrangement of a MPV with the style, softness and force of a cantina. Toyota Kirloskar Motor has portrayed it as the initial three- line seating traveler auto in the Indian market 2.2 MANAGERIAL USEFULLNESS The advertising division can use this field to upgrade their offering techniques for better deals. This report serves the showcasing division in taking choices to what a change in dissemination channels and what ought to be carried out so that advertising issue could be dealt with and how to offer their scope of stock in the aggressive commercial center. The extremely focal point of each assignment identified with promoting, is giving a perspective to administration to look at the association, so they can maintain a suitable fit between the authoritative targets, aptitudes and assets and its changing business sector opportunities. Likewise pay a fitting shape to organizations target benefit and advancement. It gives input to the overseeing body about their terrible income, deals plans and what stun does it gets on the merchants and customers. Each statistical surveying gives valuable proposals to the overseeing body. Promoting exploration helps the firm in every segment of the aggregate advertising undertaking. It serves the firm gain a more full trepidation of the purchaser, the challenger and the showcasing environment. It likewise helps the detailing of the advertising blend. Item. Appropriation and evaluating requests. It additionally helps in getting the data of contenders methodologies and their effect on the purchaser. The ove rview reveals the way that may have come up amid the venture and these realities can either be utilized an opportunity as a part of investigating and extending the business and in addition can be utilized as shield against dangers by contenders to prepare an effective offering plan. Each statistical surveying demonstrates helpful to the framework. Advertising exploration helps the firm in every segment of the aggregate promoting assignment. 2.4 SCOPE OF THE STUDY These are some of the scope of the study: The present study can be drawn out to access the present marketing condition of the Indian auto sector. The field can be used to plan a proper product, cost, place and promotional strategy for the grocery store. For the present study, we can know the market percentage of different products and accordingly formulated strategy to heighten it. The effect of marketing success can be interpreted to assess the rate of employee satisfaction in several sections. This work can be applied to find out an effective distribution channel to enhance the sale of several products of Toyota motors.

Introduction To Development Psychology

Introduction To Development Psychology The following essay will Compare and contrast the information processing approach with the behaviourist approach to understanding childrens psychological development. Taking into account the historical development of Psychology. The essay will take into account how the two approaches differ and how the two theories were developed. Piagets and Miller are theorist of cognitive Development and information processing perspectives, these theorist have had a deep impact on understanding cognitive development. Skinner and Bandura are theorist of behaviour theorist each one has a different approach to how they see things. Information processing and cognitive development are of the same idea , cognitive psychology looks at each individual as processor of information, Like computers that record the information given and then store it the memory and then goes on to produce the output ( Mcleod,2008). Cognitive psychologist compares the human mind to a computer, stating that we are able to retrieve and store information given to us and then alter it by using mental programs (Mcleod, 2008). The Information processing theory also contains quantitative and qualitative development with qualitative development happening though a new line of attach for storing information and retrieval or gathering problem- solving rules (Miller, 2011).Expanding and being able to remember more items in the working memory are examples of quantitative changes. Qualitative and quantitative methods of defining information both work together to progress new ways in the processing system (Miller, 2011). Jean Piagets (2002) was as being the most influential theorist of child development his studies began by observing his own children when they were infants and how they unravelled problems that Piagets had put in front of them. Piagets later went on to study other children by using a clinical method of how children would solve and remember different things raging from rules, games to the laws of physics. From observation made, Piagets devised his cognitive developmental theory of intellectual growth. Piagets sees children as active agents in their own developments, always building their Knowledge and altering their cognitive structure to be able to understand what goes on in the world (Shaffer, 2002). Piagets cognitive development has continued to be very popular because of its extensiveness and a worthwhile tool for thought and research. Critics may have interpreted his viewpoints to rigidly (Flanagan 1996) Further research was done by George Miller(1956) on information processing and cognitive psychology. He provided two theoretical ideas of which was chunking which is the capacity for the short term working memory. Miller (1956) stated that the short term memory could only hold Five to Nine chunks of information. The second theoretical idea was information processing by using a human computer model (Miller 1920). Behaviourism works on the foundations of stimulus response which is behaviour caused by external stimuli. Watson (1913) states that you are born with a blank slate Tabula Rosa he claims that children have no inborn tendencies; he believes how you turn out depends on your up brining and how you are treated as a child. Watson went out to demonstrate that fear and other emotions are acquired and not inborn. The demonstration of classical conditioning that Watson and Rosalie Raynor (1920) did was that of a rat to a nine month old named Albert, the reaction of Albert was positive and he played with the rat as he had done with the dog and rabbit previously. however the next time Little Albert went to play with the rat Watson tried to get the response of fear from Little Albert when he touched the rat, Watson would do this by standing behind him and bang a steel rod with a hammer and to see what reaction he got from Albert as the child started to associate the loud banging whilst playing wi th the rat, the reaction was that Little Albert did became fearful of the rat and this proved that fear is learned (Shaffer, 2002). Another example of classical condition is that of a Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov whilst studying the saliva of dog he discovered a phenomenon that he labelled psychic reflexes. And the experiment then became called Pavlovs dogs were. The dogs were in a chamber he recognised that if he paired the meat powder with a stimulus like the noise of a ringing bell the dogs would react and that would produce the dogs salivation. Pavlov has shown that stimulus-response. (Learning-theories.com 2012). Burrhus Fredrick Skinner( 1904-90) theory was related to behaviour he was well known and had the most effect in his area of psychology. Operant conditioning differs from classical conditioning for the reason that children learn from their environment. Research was done by using animals and children; he stated that it can be possible to shape both animals and childrens behaviour by using reinforcement for example the naughty step or a star chart , Parents still apply reinforcement by praising a child when he or she has been good or punishing them if they have missed behaved (Slater and Bremner 2003). Albert Bandura (1925) studied different behaviours in further detail. His behaviourism was less machine-like than skinners theory. He did not only concentrate on observing behaviour he also studied what processes went on in the mind. His approach at first was named sociobehaviorism, then social cognitive theory and in the end social learning theory (Slater and Bremner 2003). In the 1960s Bandura conducted a sequence of experiments on childrens aggression. How this was achieved was putting a small group of children in front of the TV to observe a film of an adult playing with various different toys one of which was an inflatable Bobo doll. The group watched the film and what they saw was the adult aggressively hitting the doll with a hammer. When the children were left alone to play with some toys and their own Bobo doll he observed them being aggressive towards the doll mimicking what they seen on the screen. Bandura (1925) believed that children learnt from what they have observed ( Slater and Bremner 2003). Bandura (1977,1986,1992) agrees with Skinner that operant conditioning is a vital form of learning more so for animals. In spite of this Bandura emphasises that humans are cognitive beings- who actively access, store and retrieve information processing (Shaffer 2002) By comparing and contrasting the two approaches, information processing and behaviourism, there are some differences in the way we learn and understand. Behaviourism, acts on stimulation, whereas cognitive and information processing uses mental processes to formulate ideas. The view of the learning process for a behaviorist is change in behavior, while a cognitivist views internal mental process including insight, information processing, memory and perception. The focus of learning for behaviorists is the stimuli in external environments, whereas cognitivists have internal cognitive structuring. (Buchanan, K 1997). Behaviorism and Cognitivism are two theorys in psychology that have an effect on learning and education. Behaviorism is the study of behavior for the purpose of identifying its factors. Behaviorism employs mechanism as a fundamental metaphor, which assumes that behavior is ruled by a set of physical laws. Cognitivism was a reaction to Behaviorism. It is the study of mental processes through the scientific method and abstractions from behavior. Cognitivism employs mechanism and information processing as the principle metaphors for interpreting findings ( Atkisson, 2010). The theorist differs particularly in their views on behavior. The study on behaviorism was done on animals, which views behavior as a complex consequence of environmental stimuli, whereas Cognitivism, whose research subjects are often humans, sees behavior as a point from which to abstract the mental processes behind the behavior. ( Atkisson, 2010). Cognitivism and Behaviorism are similar in significant ways. They both use mechanism as a fundamental assumption. Cognitivism goes further than behaviorism in that it extends the mechanical assumptions to the mind, not just behavior. But nonetheless both theorys view human action, mental or otherwise, as determined by physical laws. ( Atkisson, 2010). In conclusion this essay has compared and contrasted the information processing approach with the behaviourist approach to understanding childrens psychological development. It has taken into account the historical development of Psychology. It has explored the theories of Piaget, Miller, Watson, Skinner, and Bandura and related the quantitative and qualitative. It is pertinent to say that although both theorist have their place the behaviourist dates back to 1913 when Watson stated that you are born with a blank slate Tabula Rosa Since this time cognitive research has developed and shows that as well as behaviourist views remains. There is proof that even in behaviour cognitive and information processing is needed to make informed decisions about right and wrong.

Coping with Grief :: essays research papers

Coping With Tragedy The recent incidents of terrorism have shocked, saddened and angered the nation, and left many people—both those directly and indirectly affected—wondering how to deal with the aftermath of such tragic events. This digest offers tips and information on taking care of yourself, helping others cope and talking to your children about violence. Reactions to a Traumatic Event Disasters such as the terrorist attacks that occurred today can result in extreme emotions including stress, helplessness, fear, irritability, anger, depression and grief. Although everyone deals with trauma and stress differently, there are some common reactions, including:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Recurring thoughts or nightmares about the event  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Difficulty sleeping or changes in appetite  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Anxiety and fear, especially when exposed to events or situations reminiscent of the trauma  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feelings of depression, sadness and having low energy  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Memory problems including difficulty remembering aspects of the trauma  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Difficulty focusing on work or daily activities  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Spontaneous crying, feelings of despair and/or hopelessness  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Avoiding activities, places or even people who remind you of the event  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feeling emotionally â€Å"numb,† withdrawn, disconnected or different from others  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Feeling extremely protective of, or fearful for, the safety of loved ones If you or a loved one are experiencing extreme symptoms of stress, depression, grief or anger, consult a professional such as your doctor or Employee Assistance Program (EAP) immediately for help (Magellan LifeResources can be reached at 866/266-2376). Additionally, many temporary shelters offer free counseling services to victims—or referrals to professionals who can provide further assistance. In addition, consider the following tips:  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Reach out to supportive friends and family for comfort and guidance.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Be patient and give yourself plenty of time to recover and rest.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Try to maintain a nutritious diet to keep your energy up.  ·Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Focus on your breathing—deep, slow breaths will help calm you. Keep in mind that emotional and physical reactions to a traumatic event may not appear immediately. Sometimes they may appear hours, days or even weeks or months after the event. The signs and symptoms of a stress reaction may last a few days, a few weeks, months or possibly longer depending on the severity of the event. According to the American Psychological Association, individuals who are unable to regain control of their lives, or who experience the symptoms above for more than a month, should consider seeking professional mental health assistance. How Children React to Trauma How a child responds to a tragic event will vary depending on a child’s age, personality and maturity level—and how directly he or she was involved with the tragedy.

Genetic Engineering and Cloning :: Argumentative Persuasive Topics

Genetic Engineering and Cloning What are the principle, ethical issues and experimental procedures used in genetic engineering and cloning? Should Cloning be allowed to continue? In the 1970's, scientists discovered that strands of DNA could be cut using special enzymes, which could cut out genetic combinations. DNA contains information about genes particular organisms hold. Duplicates of genes are also possible through genetic engineering and are very useful for medical purposes. Advances in technology have raised issues such as animal and human cloning. These issues have caused many different sided arguments. Some people feel that cloning should be banned, however never seen to see its medical value. There are already drug and medicine manufactures all over the world that are working on products that can be produced in cows' milk or even sheep or goats milk when the trait is cloned. Right now they are trying to produce vaccines against Malaria, antibodies against HIV, as well as proteins to treat haemophilia, muscle disease, internal intestinal infections, rheumatoid arthritis, cystic fibrosis and emphysema. These same companies are also working on proteins to help digest fat and proteins to serve as nutritional supplements for infants, as well as different proteins, which are found in human blood, in cow's milk. None of these treatments would be possible in the future if cloning were banned. The Safety of genetic engineering is something that presents much concern. Looking at the current precautions and previous precautions of the biotechnological industry can clear up the safety issue. The FDA and State Governments impose limits such as the illegalization of human cloning and limits on other genetic engineering processes. The only legal forms of genetic engineering that are used today are in vitro fertilization, artificial insemination, and sperm banks. The moral question of genetic engineering is answered by looking at the advances in medicine. Today the advancements in medicine are evolving at an extremely high rate. If the science of genetic engineering is wrong, then so are the rest of the advances in medicine. The reason is because genetic engineering is just another form of medical advancement. Gene manipulation is not going to be used for any other purpose except for the treatment and elimination of disease. The one thing that people need to realize is the potential of genetic engineering. Try to visualize what parents of a child is dying from a disease like multiple sclerosis think about the benefits of genetic engineering.

My Personal Learning Style Essay -- essays research papers

My Personal Learning Style Wow! I have a personal learning style! If I had given any thought to my learning style prior to this course, I would have said simply, â€Å"Some things are easy for me to learn, and some things are not.† Now I can say, â€Å"I am a grouper, a top-down learner, an owl, in the C-D quadrants, and my strong intelligences are linguistic, intrapersonal, and interpersonal†. What all this means, still, is some things are easy for me to learn, and some things are not. But there I go again, simplifying the matter. My learning experience throughout grade school was cast in the Traditional method, employing rote, reward-and-punishment, and repetition, repetition, repetition. It was a one-size-fits-all approach, intended to instill good behavior as much as to instruct in the rudiments of reading, writing and arithmetic. We were not encouraged to participate in the process, unless, of course, we raised our hands, and were called upon to do so, and we were not to talk out of turn. We were to be passive and receptive. This was the â€Å"right† way to learn. It is a testimony to the great, unstoppable capacity of the brain to grow that many of us learned anything at all under those circumstances. Four decades of psychological research have taught us there is no one right way to learn. Our minds are as unique as our fingerprints. Our ability to learn is not necessarily related to high or low intelligence quotients, but rather a convergence of four important aspects of our perso...

Positive effects of video games on children Essay

The video games are well known for their anti-social and violent influence in our children’s attitudes. But some research has proven that these negative effects are due to the children’s excessive playing time, and more and more studies are being made to prove that the video games can be an excellent tool for children’s hand-eye coordination, their problem solving and analytical skills, and they can also help children in the social domain. We can see some really good positive effects of video games on our children. The first one would be the improvement of the hand-eye coordination. A player has to watch on the screen while simultaneously, he is pushing the button of his joystick to make moves. It also increases the speed, the agility of a person to respond to a stimulus, and moreover, it helps to improve the motor capacity of a person. We can specially illustrate this idea with the console wii, which has been released and built a couple of years ago by the brand Nintendo. With its new gaming system, the wii has revolutionned the world of the video games. Before the wii came out, the gaming system consisted only of pushing on a couple of buttons in order to make the moves in the game. But the concept of the wii is different, it consists of producing our own movement with the remote of the wii in order to make the moves in the game. It has been so successful, that even some hospitals are using the wii to hill, to re-educate the persons who suffer from some kind of cardiac accidents, cerebral accidents, or just to re-educate the people who had an operation. Another impressive positive effect of the video games is that they allow somehow, the children to improve their problem-solving, management, analytical and additional skills without children even realizing it. The need for these skills are obvious for a player because sometimes, even the most simple game ( like a shooter game ).

Zoe’s Tale PART I Chapter Eight

â€Å"You seem sad,† Hickory said, as we took the shuttle back to Phoenix Station. Dickory sat next to Hickory, impassive as ever. â€Å"I am sad,† I said. â€Å"I miss my mother and father.† I glanced over to John, who was sitting in the front of the shuttle with the pilot, Lieutenant Cloud. â€Å"And I think all this moving and leaving and going is getting to me a little bit. Sorry.† â€Å"No need to apologize,† Hickory said. â€Å"This journey has been stressful for us, too.† â€Å"Oh, good,† I said, turning back to the two of them. â€Å"Misery loves company.† â€Å"If you would like we would be happy to try to cheer you up,† Hickory said. â€Å"Really,† I said. This was a new tactic. â€Å"How would you do that?† â€Å"We could tell you a story,† Hickory said. â€Å"What story?† I asked. â€Å"One that Dickory and I have been working on,† Hickory said. â€Å"You've been writing?† I said. I didn't bother to keep the incredulousness out of my voice. â€Å"Is it that surprising?† Hickory said. â€Å"Absolutely,† I said. â€Å"I didn't know you had it in you.† â€Å"The Obin don't have stories of their own,† Hickory said. â€Å"We learned about them through you, when you had us read to you.† I was puzzled for a minute, and then I remembered: When I was younger I asked Hickory and Dickory to read bedtime stories to me. It was a failed experiment, to say the least; even with their consciousness machines on, neither of them could tell a story to save their lives. The beats were all wrong – they didn't know how to read the emotions in the story is the best way I can put it. They could read the words, all right. They just couldn't tell the story. â€Å"So you've been reading stories since then,† I said. â€Å"Sometimes,† Hickory said. â€Å"Fairy tales and myths. We are most interested in myths, because they are stories of gods and creation. Dickory and I have decided to make a creation myth for the Obin, so we have a story of our own.† â€Å"And this is the story you want to tell me,† I said. â€Å"If you think it would cheer you up,† Hickory said. â€Å"Well, is it a happy creation myth?† I asked. â€Å"It is for us,† Hickory said. â€Å"You should know you play a part in it.† â€Å"Well, then,† I said. â€Å"I definitely want to hear it now.† Hickory conferred with Dickory quickly, in their own language. â€Å"We will tell you the short version,† Hickory said. â€Å"There's a long version?† I said. â€Å"I'm really intrigued.† â€Å"The remainder of the shuttle ride will not be long enough for the long version,† Hickory said. â€Å"Unless we then went back down to Phoenix. And then back up. And then back down again.† â€Å"The short version it is,† I said. â€Å"Very well,† Hickory said, and began. â€Å"Once upon a time – â€Å" â€Å"Really?† I said. â€Å"‘Once upon a time'?† â€Å"What is wrong with ‘once upon a time'?† Hickory asked. â€Å"Many of your stories and myths start that way. We thought it would be appropriate.† â€Å"There's nothing wrong with it,† I said. â€Å"It's just a little old-fashioned.† â€Å"We will change it if you like,† Hickory said. â€Å"No,† I said. â€Å"I'm sorry, Hickory, I interrupted you. Please start again.† â€Å"Very well,† Hickory said. â€Å"Once upon a time†¦Ã¢â‚¬  Once upon a time there were creatures who lived on a moon of a large gas planet. And these creatures did not have a name, nor did they know they lived on a moon, nor did they know that moon circled a gas planet, nor what a planet was, nor did they know anything in a way that could be said that they were knowing it. They were animals, and they had no consciousness, and they were born and lived and died, all their lives without thought or the knowledge of thought. One day, although the animals knew nothing of the idea of days, visitors came to the moon that circled the gas planet. And these visitors were known as Consu, although the animals on the planet did not know that, because it was what the Consu called themselves, and the animals were not smart and could not ask the Consu what they called themselves, or know that things could have names. The Consu came to the moon to explore and they did, noting all the things about the moon, from the air in its sky to the shape of its lands and waters to the shape and manner of all the life that lived in the moon's land, air and water. And when they came to these certain creatures who lived on this moon, the Consu became curious about them and how they lived their lives, and studied them and how they were born and lived and died. After the Consu had watched the creatures for some time the Consu decided that they would change the creatures, and would give them something that the Consu possessed and that the creatures did not, which was intelligence. And the Consu took the genes of the creatures and changed them so that their brains, as they grew, would develop intelligence well beyond what the creatures would themselves achieve through experience or through many years of evolution. The Consu made these changes to a few creatures and then set them back on the moon and over many generations all the creatures became intelligent. Once the Consu gave intelligence to the creatures they did not stay on the moon, nor shared themselves with the creatures, but departed and left machines above the sky, which the creatures would not see, to watch the creatures. And so the creatures for a very long time did not learn of the Consu and what they had done to the creatures. And for a very long time these creatures who now had intelligence grew in number and learned many things. They learned how to make tools and create a language and work together for common goals and to farm the land and mine metals and create science. But although the creatures thrived and learned, they did not know that they among all intelligent creatures were unique, because they did not know there were other intelligent creatures. One day, after the creatures had gained intelligence, another race of intelligent people came to visit the moon, the first since the Consu, although the creatures did not remember the Consu. And these new people called themselves the Arza and each of the Arza also had a name. And the Arza were amazed that the creatures on the moon, who were intelligent and who had built tools and cities, did not have a name and did not have names for each of their number. And it was then the creatures discovered through the Arza what made them unique: They were the only people in all the universe who were not conscious. Although every creature could think and reason, it could not know itself as every other intelligent creature could know itself. The creatures lacked awareness of who they were as individuals, even as they lived and thrived and grew on the face of the moon of the planet. When the creatures learned this, and although no individual could know it felt this, there grew within the race of these creatures a hunger for that thing they did not have: for the consciousness that the creatures knew collectively they did not have as individuals. And this is when the creatures first gave themselves a name, and called themselves â€Å"Obin,† which in their language meant â€Å"The ones who lack,† although it might be better translated as â€Å"The deprived ones† or â€Å"The ones without gifts,† and although they named their race they did not give names to each of their individual number. And the Arza took pity on the creatures who now called themselves Obin, and revealed to them the machines that floated in the sky and that were put there by the Consu, who they knew to be a race of immense intelligence and unknowable aims. The Arza studied the Obin and discovered that their biology was unnatural, and so the Obin learned who had created them. And the Obin asked the Arza to take them to the Consu, so they could ask why the Consu had done these things, but the Arza refused, saying the Consu met only with other races to fight them, and they feared what would happen to the Arza if they brought the Obin before the Consu. So it was the Obin determined they must learn to fight. And while the Obin did not fight the Arza, who had been kind to the Obin and took pity on them and then left the Obin in peace, there came another race of creatures called the Belestier, who planned to colonize the moon on which the Obin lived and kill all the Obin because they would not live in peace with them. The Obin struggled with the Belestier, killing all those who landed on their moon, and in doing so found they had an advantage; because the Obin did not know themselves, they were not afraid of death, and had no fear where others had fear in abundance. The Obin killed the Belestier, and learned from their weapons and technology. In time the Obin left their own moon to colonize other moons and grow their numbers and make war on other races when those other races chose to make war on the Obin. And there came a day, after many years, when the Obin decided they were ready to meet the Consu, and found where they lived and set out to meet them. Although the Obin were strong and determined, they did not know the power of the Consu, who brushed them aside, killing any Obin who dared to call or attack, and there were many thousands of these. Eventually the Consu became curious about the creatures they had made and offered to answer three questions for the Obin, if half the Obin everywhere would offer themselves up as a sacrifice to the Consu. And this was a hard bargain, because although no individual Obin would know its own death, such a sacrifice would wound the race, because by this time it had made many enemies among the intelligent races, and they would most certainly attack the Obin when they were weak. But the Obin had a hunger and needed answers. So one half of the Obin willingly offered themselves to the Consu, killing themselves in all manner of ways, wherever they were. And the Consu were satisfied and answered our three questions. Yes, they had given the Obin intelligence. Yes, they could have given the Obin consciousness but did not, because they wanted to see what consciousless intelligence was like. No, they would not now give us consciousness, nor would they ever, nor would they allow us to ask again. And since that day the Consu have not allowed the Obin to speak to them again; each embassy to them since that day has been killed. The Obin spent many years fighting many races as it returned itself to its former strength, and in time it became known to other races that to fight with the Obin meant death, for the Obin would not relent or show mercy or pity or fear, because the Obin did not know these things themselves. And for a long time this was the way of things. One day a race known as the Rraey attacked a human colony and its space station, killing all the humans they could. But before the Rraey could complete their task, the Obin attacked them, because the Obin wanted the colony world for themselves. The Rraey were weakened after their first attack and were defeated and killed. The Obin took the colony and its space station, and because the space station was known as a scientific outpost, the Obin looked through its records to see what useful technology they could take. It was then that the Obin discovered that one of the human scientists, who was named Charles Boutin, was working on a way to hold and store consciousness outside of the human body, in a machine based on technology the humans had stolen from the Consu. The work was not done, and the technology was not something the Obin at the space station could follow, nor the Obin scientists whom they had brought along. The Obin looked for Charles Boutin among the human survivors of the space station attacks, but he was not to be found, and it was discovered that he was away from the station when it was attacked. But then the Obin learned that Charles Boutin's daughter Zoe had been on the space station. The Obin took her from the station and she alone was spared among the humans. And the Obin kept her and kept her safe and found a way to tell Charles Boutin that she was alive and offered to return her if he would give the Obin consciousness. But Charles Boutin was angry, not at the Obin but at the humans who he thought had let his daughter die, and demanded in exchange for giving the Obin consciousness, that the Obin would make war on the humans, and defeat them. The Obin could not do this themselves but allied with two other races, the Rraey, whom they had just attacked, and the Enesha, who were allies of the humans, to make war on the humans. Charles Boutin was satisfied and in time joined the Obin and his daughter, and worked to create consciousness for the Obin. Before he could finish his task, the humans learned of the alliance between the Obin and the Rraey and the Enesha, and attacked. The alliance was broken and the Enesha were made to war on the Rraey by the humans. And Charles Boutin was killed and his daughter Zoe was taken from the Obin by the humans. And although no individual Obin could sense it, the entire nation despaired because in agreeing to give them consciousness Charles Boutin was their friend among all friends, who would do for them what even the great Consu would not: give them awareness of themselves. When he died, their hope for themselves died. To lose his daughter, who was of him and who was dear to them because of him, compounded this despair. And then the humans sent a message to the Obin that they knew of Boutin's work and offered to continue it, in exchange for an alliance and the agreement by the Obin to war on the Enesha, who had allied with the Obin against the humans, once the Enesha had defeated the Rraey. The Obin agreed to this but added the condition that once the Obin were given consciousness that two of their number would be allowed to know Zoe Boutin, and to share that knowledge with all other Obin, because she was what remained of Charles Boutin, their friend and their hero. And so it was that the Obin and the humans became allies, the Obin attacked and defeated the Enesha in due time, and the Obin, thousands of generations after their creation, were given consciousness by Charles Boutin. And among their number, the Obin selected two, who would become companions and protectors to Zoe Boutin and share her life with her new family. And when Zoe met them she was not afraid because she had lived with the Obin before, and she gave the two of them names: Hickory and Dickory. And the two of them became the first Obin to have names. And they were glad, and they know they are glad, because of the gift Charles Boutin gave them and all Obin. And they lived happily ever after. Hickory said something to me I didn't hear. â€Å"What?† I said. â€Å"We are not sure ‘and they lived happily ever after' is the appropriate ending,† said Hickory, and then stopped and looked closely at me. â€Å"You are crying,† it said. â€Å"I'm sorry,† I said. â€Å"I was remembering. The parts of it I was in.† â€Å"We told them wrong,† Hickory said. â€Å"No,† I said, and put up my hand to reassure it. â€Å"You didn't tell it wrong, Hickory. It's just the way you tell it and the way I remember it are a little†¦Ã¢â‚¬  I wiped a tear off my face and searched for the right word. â€Å"They're just a little different, is all.† â€Å"You do not like the myth,† Hickory said. â€Å"I like it,† I said. â€Å"I like it very much. It's just some things hurt me to remember. It happens that way for us sometimes.† â€Å"I am sorry, Zoe, for causing you distress,† Hickory said, and I could hear the sadness in its voice. â€Å"We wanted to cheer you up.† I got up from my seat and went over to Hickory and Dickory and hugged them both. â€Å"I know you did,† I said. â€Å"And I'm really glad you tried.†

Asses the Extent to Which a Global economy Essay

Global economy is the incorporated world financial system with unobstructed and liberated movement of commodities, services and employment across nationals. This term can not be discussed in any of the today content minus appreciating the value of the globalisation in the society (Jones, 2006, pg 95). With this, we have to start by defining globalisation so that we may have to understand what is meant by the global economy that the paper will be discussing about in the later stage of it. Thus, globalisation is the incorporation of fabrication and utilization of various goods and services that do exist between the markets worldwide. As explained earlier on that, global economy can not be separated for m globalisation, the papers thus can then come up with a hypothesis it paper has to analyse and then later on prove whether the hypothesis it true of false. Thus, the hypothesis of the paper is: â€Å"The higher the globalisation in the world the higher the global economy in the markets across the world†. With this hypothesis in place, the paper will major in seeing on the ways in which globalisation has affected the global economy and to which extent that the economy is at present. In order to achieve all these, the paper looks forward in discussing on the extent to which this particular global economy exists in the society. With this, we will discuss on the history of the global economy, and then this will be followed with a discussion on the way in which the globalization has affected the economy in the world, and then will later look on the stage at which the economy is at present as compared to the past. In order to be able to accomplish all these, the paper has come up with some of the questions that it will major on so that to facilitate its study in global economy extent. The questions include; 1. How has been the past global economy? 2. How has the globalization affected the economy over the years? 3. How does the present global economy look like? 2. 0 Literature review Global economy is the built-in world financial system with unhindered and enlightened movement of commodities, services and employment across nationals. This term can not be discussed in any of the today content minus appreciating the value of the globalisation in the society. With this, we have to start by defining globalisation so that we may have to understand what is meant by the global economy that the paper will be discussing about in the later stage of it (Jones, 2006, pg 95). Thus, globalisation is the incorporation of fabrication and utilization of various goods and services that do exist between the markets worldwide. Thus this is the basic idea of the global economy as globalisation, other than just enhancing the living style of the people across the world, it also do enhance the economy of the nations in the world and thus determining the global economy. With this idea in mind, we can then say that, global economy is featured as the worldwide financial system that possesses the integrated market for every commodity manufactured all over the world. Thus, the global economy offers the local manufacturers with an opportunity to develop and upgrade their capacity of production to the worldwide level so that they can be able to attain the world demand and be able to meet the needs of the people in the world (Dickens, 2007, pg 68). This also has given the local producers the chance to decide on the commodity that they want to deal with from the broad selection of the imported goods in the market. Other than giving the manufacturers more and better chances for their business, the global economy also have had an advantage to the local people, in tat it has enabled the stabilization of the costs of the items all around the world. This has also lead to the transfer of works or activities as well as job from the established nations which are also known as the developed countries to the developing countries as income rate are seen to be reduced in this particular situation. With this factors of the globalization, it has enabled the change of the global economy over the years and thus, the paper will look at the past, the effects of the globalization for its change to the present stage of the global economy, so as to enable it to be able to evaluate on the extent at which it has evolved to its present existence. 2. 1 History of the Global Economy According to Alam (2003), global economy came up as the result of the British economy going subversive and then it started to attain power and advancevely its raw material form the mineral resources that they had in place at that particular time. This usage of the raw material enabled the economy to grow fast to the extent that it was able to free the world economy from the slim possessions constrictions of an organic and the plant based economy of the world (Clark, 2007, pg 33). This resulted into the introduction of cheaper materials of which were able to be transported to the various nations in the world at cheaper cost regardless of the location. To do this, the world was able to experience the effect of the economy in which it facilitated their growth of the economy. This resulted to the economy to be split into three segments of which the first segment constituted the concentration of power together with use of the technology in relation to producers in little capacity (Palmer, & Colton, 1971, pg 264). At this stage , the powerful countries such as those of Us and the prance had power over the little countries such as those in Africa and Asia in that, the powerful countries were forced to open their economies in the lees fortuned countries so as to facilitate they economy in the region. This resulted in the slow movement to the second segment of the global economy in which the other countries in Africa and Asia had started gaining power and thus had some of the influence in the economy of the worked in such a way that they could offer the labour needed in some of the activities worldwide. 2. 2 Globalisation in Relation to Global Economy Globalisation over the years has been the centre of discussion whenever the issue of global economy rises up, this has been because of the reason that it is directly connected to the economy of the world as with the better relations in the world markets, it means that the business will be to the advantage and thus increasing the level of the economy globally. With the result of the introduction of the new technology in the nations as the result if the globalisation in the nations, it has enabled the countries to experiences the increase or even the reduction on their economy status in the country (Pierre, 2000, pg 133). This has been attributed by the fact that technology has been able to facilitate the speed at which the nations relate to the other and thus, do the invention of the computers, the nations have been able to relate with the other in amore faster way and thus increasing the rate at which the affect their respective economy of which usually have a fraction I the global economy as well. 2. 3 The Present Global Economy In today world, the global economy has been termed as the neo-colonialism, this is the relationship between the developing countries and the advanced countries in term of their effort to participate in stabilizing the economy of one another, it is mostly occurs in the result of their relationship in the business sectors (Vasquez, 2001). When we take an example of the United States together with that of the Japan, we finds out that their economy has been to the decrease side over the past time but still they have the hope to improve as regard to the fact that they are hoping for the stabilization of the world wide financial market and thus, with this, will enable them to at least regain their economic status and thus increasing the power of it. The same down fall in the economy have been experienced by the developing countries have been over the years, this has been to the fact that the countries have been undergoing the interference in their financial flow which could allow then to participate fully in the growth of the economy (Browning, Halcli & Webster, 2000, pg 270). This has also been to the result of the declining of the oil as well as non-energy goods costs. None the less, with the stabilisation of their currency flow, they are expected to increase in their economy status. Conclusion In the finale, we can say that the global economy has been increasing over the years and this has been to the fact that the globalisation in the nations in the world has been gaining power with time due to the increase in the technology usage in their majority of their activities in the nations. Bibliography Alam, M. S (2003). The Global Economy since 1800. Retrieved 16th December 2008 from http://www. counterpunch. org/alam07262003. html Browning, G. K. , Halcli, A. & Webster, F. (2000). Accepting Contemporary Humanity: Theories of the Present. Pp 267-280. United Kingdom: SAGE Clark, G (2007). A Departure to Alms: A Concise Economic Account of the World. Pp 133-144. United States: Princeton University Press Dickens, P. (2007). Global Shift: Relocating the Changing Shape of the World Economy, pp 65-75. New York: Guildford Press Jones, A. (2006). Dictionary of Globalisation, pp 90-105. United Kingdom: Polity Publisher Palmer, R. R. & Colton, J. G. (1971). A History of the Contemporary World, pp 264. New York: Knopf Publisher Pierre, J. (2000). Assessment Governance: Authority, Navigation & Democracy, pp 110-137. United States: Oxford University Press. Vasquez, I. (2001). Come Back of a Global Financial System. Retrieved 16th December 2008 from http://www. cato. org/research/global/vas-0011. html

Hinduism: Samsara

Samsara is a Sanskrit word meaning the endless cycle of birth, life, death, and rebirth that is considered to be experienced by all humans in the Upanishads and in Buddhism. It is the repeated passingof souls through different worlds. Thus, Samsara is commonly known as â€Å"the wheel of life† in Hinduism. Also, Samsara refers to the general, day-to-day struggles and obstacles man experiences throughout life. Samsara exists in many religions like Buddhism, Hinduism, Jainism, Sikhism, Vaishnavism, and other related religions.According to these religions, one has a karmic â€Å"account balance† when he or she reaches death that will determine one’s destiny when a person is reborn. In Hinduism, ego-consciousness of the body and the phenomenal world comes from ignorance of one’s true self. This means that through egoism and personal desire, people are creating the basis for their next life or â€Å"future becoming†. The path of Samsara can only be overc ome by attaining a sense of selflessness and having one’s soul (atman) follow its own version of Samsara†¦repeatedly reincarnating.Samsara is a very interesting concept to me and I am fascinated by the stories I’ve heard from Buddhist friends of mine. I’ve enjoyed the company of my Buddhist friend,Betty, because I’ve learned so much from her as we both have shared our religions with each other†¦ me being muslim and her being Buddhist. Our religions are completely different from one another so I was very curious to know what she believes and how reincarnation and Samsara play a role in her life.I’ve known Betty for over five years and I never thought of her to be a very religious person because she did not throw her religion at people or talk about it all the time. I ended up finding out that she prayed on a daily basis and she was very strong in her religion as a Buddhist. She was always very relaxed and positive, but the best thing about her is how she naturally helped others with no expectation of anything in return. She is so giving and selfless, and it is very humbling to see the things she does for others.She never tries to convert others when religion is brought up like most people do. She is absolutely beautiful as well, and she has very high morals and values that she lives by. She is just a great person and I would always think back at our friendship and appreciate her so much because she is one of my only friends that has not wronged me. One day Bettytold me that the first time she saw her Buddhist monk she felt like she knew him, but could never figure out where from. He was drawn to her and was very interested in her life.She was flattered by this, but she did not understand why he took such major interest in her. After months of talking, she still could not tell where she knew his familiar face from. As her story went on, I found out that the Buddhist monk finally told her why he was so interested in he r personality and the way she lived he life. He told her that she was an angel in the past life that had helped him in a life crisis situation. I was shocked, but at the same time, it made sense considering how great of a person she was and all the beautiful things she did for others.

Federal courts Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Federal courts - Assignment Example Sole proprietorships in business have unlimited liability, which means that their owners are normally held responsible personally for the business’ obligations and debts (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). Thus, lenders may seize the personal assets of the owner in order to effect payment for the debts and obligations. The website and the advertisement resulted in an express warranty, indicating that all expenses would include a queen sized bed, three daily meals, and all expenses. The contract was entered into on the basis of mistaken material fact that the hotel was aware of being untrue. Finally, written disclaimers under the UCC require all disclaimers to be displayed conspicuously for them to be held as valid (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). The common law deals with employment contracts, intangible assets, insurance, service, and real estate. On the other hand, UCC deals with transactions involving the sale of goods, contracts, leases, and borrowing money. UCC mainly covers commercial tran sactions carried out between the states in the US and US territories. The court is most likely to apply UCC because offers made by companies cannot be revoked if in writing, especially when common law disallows option contract revocation (Dine & Koutsias, 2012). In addition, whereas contracts under UCC can be modified in the absence of any more consideration, under common law, contracts are only modified with additional consideration. Negligence refers to harm caused to other parties by failing to utilize reasonable care.