Prostate Cancer in African American Men Essay

Prostate crab louse is the gland below a mans bladder that produces fluid for se hands. Prostate malignant neoplastic sickness is roughhewn among older workforce. Prostate pubic louse is a silent killer, and be intellect it grows slowly, many an(prenominal) another(prenominal) men have no idea its there It is rargon in men younger than forty. Risk factors for developing prostatic crab louse accept being over sixty five grades of age, family history, being Afri good deal American, and some genetic changes. There is an estimated of 241,740 new cases and 28,170 deaths from prostatic cancer in the United States in 2012 ( topic Cancer Institute, 2011). Prostate cancer is the second n archean common cancer among men, behind skin cancer, and the second get outing cause of cancer deaths among men especi all(prenominal)(prenominal)y in African American men. bingle out of six men will be diagnosed with prostate cancer during their lifetime. For example, if youre at home having a cookout with 11 of your friends, its credibly that two of you at some point in your lives will be diagnosed with prostate cancer. and If youre an Afro-American man, those odds increase to n too soon unrivalled in five.Prostate cancer affects African American men in two ways as often as Caucasian men the mortality cast among African American is also twice as amply. African American men have the highest rate of prostate cancer of any value orientation group in the world. In the African American community men are at high endangerment due to low socioeconomic status, and not getting cancer check because of no health insurance. With the change magnitude amount of men being diagnosed each year it is shocking that many men still avoid visiting the doctor because it makes them uncomfortable and they are afraid of what the results will be even when some clinics give set-apart prostate cancer wake. While prostate cancer screening judge can have abnormal results even when cance r is not present, it is chief(prenominal) for men to have prostate screening done.prostate cancer is usually notice through screening, and there are two methods for early detective work. The prostate-specific antigen test (prostate specific antigen) is used, moreover there are many factors that can influence the outcome of the PSA test. Medications such as antihistamines, physical exertion or recent interjection can raise a PSA level.Another test for early detection of prostate cancer has been the digital rectal exam (DRE). Although, DRE is a break-dance method for early detection, it is also a hindrance among men, in particular African-American men, to screening and early detection According to American Cancer Society (ACS) and American Urological Association (AUA), the PSA and DRE should be offered annually for all men beginning at age 50. However, they also recommend that African-American men with a family history of prostate cancer should begin interrogation by age 45. Ea rly intervention is the key to a 5 year survival rate. Prognosis of prostate cancer diagnosed at an early stage is illustrious as being optimistic. Despite these credible statistics, dethaw prostate cancer screening and early detection remains a problem area for many health share practitioners when it comes to the African American population (Plowden 2009) Madeline Leiningers sunrise Model has been used in many studies over the past twenty years.Between 1999 and 2008, over 200 citations of articles were noted using Leininger opening (McEwen, 2011). She postulated that nurses should travail to increase intimacy related to the attending of people who value their ethnic heritage and way of life (McEwen, 2011). The Leininger Sunrise Model of cultural diversity is used to obtain compliance with prostate cancer screening among African-American men the intent has been to build a relationship of cooperation between clients and health care workers. Educating the men as rise as exa mining their fears and anxieties is useful in removing barriers of resistance and gaining trust, thus empowering the client (McEwen, 2011). The health Belief Model (HBM) postulates a persons perception of disease threat and benefits of taking natural process will predetermine taking action (Rivers, 2009). The HBM is used to determine the African American male correspondence of prostate cancer and to identify factors that would motivate that population to seek screening and treatment of prostate cancer.The HBM has been used to design intervention to educate as sound up as facilitate access to screening and treatment (Rivers, 2009). Leiningers conjecture of cultural care diversity is a middle cranial orbit system that is based upon the major concepts of culture, culture care and understanding the differences as well as the similarities to transcultural human care. Her other major concepts of transcultural care are, caring, and ethic views, the system of health care, the profe ssional system of care and culturally congruent nursing care. (McEwen, 2011) The strength of Leininger Theory lies in the fact that it is a holistic theory seeking to cover both the diversity and universality of nursing care concepts. Caring aspects within and between cultures must let in the acknowledgement of the similarities and differences. The theory has been widely used within the credibility and bear out ability of data gained from research (McGee, 1994). Because the Leininger Theory places emphasis on cultural sensitivity and cultural congruence, it can be said that cultural knowledge will improve care.However, because the approach fails to take into account a political and structural inequality of minorities and focuses on differences and deficits, it can be construed that the culture itself is the problem. The chance of reinforcing stereotypes and increasing the gap between provider and patient may genuinely make the care aspect less than culturally safe (Ori, 2005). L eininger Theory can be used in a wide range of modalities when considering the problem of prostate screening. When examining the focus of this clinical problem i.e., how to get increase participation from a high risk group to prostate cancer screening, Plowden reached several conclusions that are applicable to todays practice for further nurse practitioners. For example, African-American men were more likely to seek screening and participate in the treatment process if 1.) There was a perceived susceptibility to prostate cancer and that threat was perceived as dreaded in life threatening or disabling. 2.)There were perceived benefits to the screening such as early detection and accurate diagnosis. 3.) There were no perceived barriers. 4.) Sufficient triggers need to exist to motivate behavior (Plowden, 2009). When applying these findings to right nurse practitioners practices, it can be said that men in the high risk groups must first be educated on the risks of prostate cancer. They need to understand the implications involved with failure to be screened. Early detection and accurate diagnosis are very important to the 5 year survival post diagnosis. Screening is essential to the quality of life for a person diagnosed with prostate cancer. For example, lifestyle changes would have to be made after a radical prostectomy versus a chemo radiation treatment of a localised slow growing tumor. When health care professionals can successfully share to remove or go around barriers, whether real or perceived, the goal of seeking medical intervention is improved.Health care professionals can attempt to established sufficient triggers so that the behavior can be move to attain compliance to screening. The advanced nurse practitioners take exception will be to first establish trust and reputation as a caregiver who cares and is approachable educate the population of the high risk group to the benefits of early detection versus late discovery provide well-situated ac cess to screening and the follow up phase of the intervention and go on confidentiality.Peer group discussions with professionals have shown to aid in getting better compliance (Plowden, 2009). The African-American males decision making process when considering prostate cancer screening is influenced greatly by cultural mores and beliefs. These cultural beliefs often lead to a lower rate of compliance to free screening versus all other races i.e. Caucasians, etc. Leisinigers cultural diversity theory can be used to effectively educate and increase compliance by teaching practitioners ways to overcome these cultural barriers. By following the concepts of care, caring, and understanding feelings of self, as well as the feelings of others, it is possible to overcome cultural barriers. workings CitedCherath, Lata, et al. Prostate Cancer. The Gale Encyclopedia of Medicine. Ed. Laurie J. Fundukian. 4th ed. Vol. 5. Detroit Gale, 2011. 3578-3584. Gale Virtual Reference Library. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. in style(p) RESEARCH Faster Prostate Cancer Growth In pitch-black Men?. Prostate Disorders (2011) 31. Health Source Consumer Edition. Web. 7 Dec. 2012 Prostate Cancer. National Cancer Institute. SEER Cancer Statistics Review, 1975-2009 (Vintage 2009 Populations), National Cancer Institute. Bethesda, MD, n.d. Web. 7 Dec. 2012. .